The Psychological Theories Of Crime - 2359 Words

Introduction â€Å"Offending behaviour rises steeply as age increases, with over 80% of offences committed by 14 to 16-year- olds.† (Risk and Protective Factors, 2005) Youth crime and violence are pressing issues, there has been an increase in the seriousness of youth crimes over the years. Young offenders are not receiving proper legal treatment because of the lack of efficiency and emphasis on rehabilitation in the current system. There are a couple points that prove the Youth Criminal Justice Act is too lenient, the risk factors and assessment are not accurate, and treatment for youths is not efficient. How does my topic relate to the field of psychology? My topic relates back to the psychological theories of crime. John Bowlby is known†¦show more content†¦What further research do you think should be done regarding the issue? Some further research that should be done regarding this issue is that there should be more prevention programs for youths who are already struggling with issues in their lives. There should also be more programs in schools that relate back to young offenders and mental illness and how it affects many people these days. There should also be different types of programs for when youths are convicted of an offence and have some type of issue, while receiving jail time there should be a type of program inside the jail to help them learn while serving their time. Youth Criminal Justice Act Objective The Youth Criminal Justice Act is too lenient and is not an effective deterrent to criminal activity. While there are many advantages to the Youth Criminal Justice Act, there are also many disadvantages about this Act as well. In section 5 of the youth Criminal Justice Act, it states that the objectives are to: â€Å"(a) Provide an effective and timely response to offending behaviour outside the bounds of judicial measures; (b) Encourage young persons to acknowledge and repair the harm caused to the victim and the community; (c) Encourage families of young persons — including extended families where appropriate — and the community to become involved in

Essay about The Fascist Economy as an Illusion - 1756 Words

The Fascist Economy as an Illusion The fascist economy was one of the biggest uses of propaganda in the fascist regime, and something that Mussolini took great personal interest in. There were no real outlined Fascist economic policies however, as Mussolini originally adopted a more laissez-faire attitude towards the economy, until pressure from the large businesses and corporations led to state intervention in the system. Mussolini, however, was prepared to distort the fascist economy for his own welfare and was even prepared to make conditions worse for his employees just so that the economy could benefit and Mussolini could further feed his vast propaganda machine. Therefore, this creates the†¦show more content†¦However, Mussolini was also looking at long-term solutions to the problem, as he felt that the economy was an issue which was going to affect the fascists permanently. However, Mussolini had many choices on which line to take, as he as influenced by all areas of the fascist party. The intransigent wing of the part wished for him to take a more syndicalist approach. Syndicalism was a form of trade unionism, which promoted more more state interventionism, i.e. taking the policies a lot more extreme and interventionist. This was seen to be the case at the same time in Stalins Russia, where interventionist policies were having a dramatic adverse effect on the country, with the reta liation of the peasants against the system showed that an interventionist policy would not be the best line, when trying to use the economy to sell Italy and promote it. Therefore, Mussolini disbanded de Stefani and turned to Count Volpi, who was put in charge of exercising Mussolinis main economic targets. Mussolini had set himself 3 major economic targets to try to achieve within about the first 5 years of his regime. The first of these was the Battle for the Lira which tried to fix the value of Lira to 90 to the  £, which was the amount when Mussolini came to power in 1922. Mussolini wanted to defend the Lira with strenuous decisivenessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to the last breath, to the last drop ofShow MoreRelatedCompare and contrast the internal policies of Mussolini and Stalin.1271 Words   |  6 Pagesthe colonies, of the corporations, of the army and the other armed services, and of public works. Sometimes he held as many as seven departments simultaneously, as well as the premiership. He was also head of the all-powerful Fascist party (formed in 1921) and the armed Fascist militia. In this way he succeeded in keeping power in his own hands and preventing the emergence of any rival. But it was at the price of creating a regime that was over centralized, inefficient, and corrupt . 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Sorel had the notion that societies became quot;decadent and disorganizedquot; naturally. This leading to the use of violence to prevent a decay of nation of this kind. Nietzsche hadRead MoreTotalitarianism in Pre-War Europe Essay979 Words   |  4 PagesCommunism and Fascism. Historians Carl Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski, in 1956, tried to identify certain features of totalitarianism. It has an official ideology that is generally adhered to, the state has control over the military, economy and mass communication, particularly in the field of administering propaganda and censoring the press, and has a terror inspiring police force for controlling the population. As described by the historian Robert Pearce, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a fully totalitarianRead MoreEssay on Comparison of Mussolini and Hitler4381 Words   |  18 Pagesrevolutionary, nationalistic group called the Fasci di Combattimento in Milan. 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In 1924, an agreement was made between Mussolini and Yugoslavia over the port of Fiume, stating that is should go to Italy. As a result a diplomatic relationship was formed between the Yugoslavian government and the Italian fascist state, despite the fact that Mussolini was extremely anti-communist. BritainRead MoreThe Rise and Rule of Single-Party States7795 Words   |  32 Pagesunstable. * Fear of Communism * Shame of WWI China- Mao Zedong Italy- Benito Mussolini Mussolini was born into a socialist house. He remained a socialist until he returned from WW1 with a new perspective. He then started the fascist party. He and his fascist black shirt marched on Rome and claimed to have forced the government to allow Mussolini to be prime minister. Yet, the truth is the president of Italy feared Mussolini and gave him the position of minister without conflict. 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Gerard Manley Hopkins poetry analysis Essay Example For Students

Gerard Manley Hopkins poetry analysis Essay Gerards parents influenced him to be whatever his heart led him too. Gerard was responsible and wanted to get his schooling out of the way. Since Gerard came from a religious family, he thought it was important to establish a rightful religion for himself. He converted to Roman Catholicism, and then joined the Jesuit Society. Although this dampered his poetry at first, it brought him closer to God. (Gardner, W. H. PG 53) Which is the main subject of all of his poems. After discovering that writing poems, and expressing yourself was not as selfish as it seems, Gerard took up his passion again. Thanks to Duns Scotus he pushed himself to further develop his skills. He spent a lot of time in Northern Wales were he developed his world renowned theory of Sprung Rhythm. The language of the people in Wales truly intrigued him. He loved the natural sound and beat of their voices. This is basically the idea behind Sprung Rhythm. Gerards careers were centered on his religion. He taught at first, and then became priest. And although this was enough to please many, it did not complete him. Perhaps because his true passion was not what he was known for? None of his poems were published during his lifetime. The only person who saw what an artist Hopkins truly was was his friend Robert Bridges. Robert saved all of Gerards poems, seeing how great they really were. The people of the Victorian times were practical and snobby, perhaps the reason they did not respond to his poetry. (The World Book PG 333) He wrote about what people were afraid to say themselves. Two very insightful poems written by Gerard Manley Hopkins, include, Pied Beauty and Gods Grandeur Each of these poems reflect Gerards feelings for God. In Gods Grandeur he is talking about the true strength of God, and how people underestimate him. Gerard feels that people no longer fear God, and take religion for granted. In one line he describes how people separate themselves from God by not even walking on the earth he created for them. The soil is bare now, nor can foot feel. Instead of waking with bare feet, people wear shoes. He also describes Gods wrath as a thunderbolt. Why do men then now wreck his rod? In the first few lines of the poem he also talks about how electric God is, using metaphors about electricity. In the Pied Beauty Gerard admires all things great and small that God has created. In the poem he makes an apology for all the people who ignore the intricacy of all the worlds creations. Glory be to God for Dappled things. (www. scholars. nus. edu. sg/landow/victorian/authors/hopkins) The poem also includes common quotes found in his following of the Jesuits. To the greater glory of God, and praise to God always. In conclusion, Gerard Manley Hopkins may not have been the crowd pleaser that he had once wanted to be. But he led a life true to himself. He did not follow other people, or change his ways for someone else. He had extreme faith in God, and made sacrifices to please. Gerard also came to the revelation that it is O. K. to do something for yourself. Responsible for the theory of inscape, he allowed himself to indulge in his passion of poetry. He was not honored as a poet during his lifetime. Thanks to a good friend of his, his poetry now gets the attention it deserves. Gerard had his ups and downs in his life. Not being able to find a piece of mind on certain occasions. In the end, he died a complete person. His last words being I am happy, so happy.

Plea Bargaining free essay sample

Precisely speaking the criminal trials takes much longer than what they are expected to take and what actually they take. Thus it is very necessary that some sort of system is adhered to so as to speed up the trial process and relieve the courts from heavy backlog of cases. With such a large population it is quite obvious that at least thousands of crimes are committed almost everyday throughout the country. Thus it is all the more obvious that with such a rate of criminal cases pooling into the courts the available workforce falls very short of the expectations. Apart from that there are several appeals which are preferred from the trials which furthermore increase the case numbers in the court. In such a scenario it becomes a matter of concern as to how to control this problem. Reasons for Delay in Disposal of Cases  · Increase in Litigation Now a day’s people are in a habit of dragging their Grievances to the court of law, which can be solved outside the court. We will write a custom essay sample on Plea Bargaining or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page  · Non-adherence with the Code by both Judges as well as Lawyers.  · Judicial Vacancies India has the lowest number of judges per capita in the world. Even smaller countries have around 80 judges per million people whereas this figure ranges between 9 to 11 judges per million people in India. For once it can be understood that delay may occur in the civil cases but the same is not expected in the criminal proceedings. But the criminal justice system is in worst position and hence the common man has also lost its complete trust on the efficacy of the criminal redressal system. This acts as a real roadblock to development of any state or nation. Nani Palkhiwala opined that: â€Å"Justice in common parlance is considered as blind but in India it is lame too and hobbles on crutches†. For Example consider the condition of the poor victims of the Bhopal gas Leak disaster. Twenty seven years had passed to that ghastly incident; still now the victims were fighting for its compensation, which is in equivalent to the damage caused to them. | Remedies to overcome delay in disposal of cases The delay in delivery of justice can be overcome by following methods-  · Firstly, delay in rendering justice can be overcome by establishing more Courts and to increase the number of Judges according to population. There is access need to increase the number of Judges, specially at the local level for giving access to the ordinary people.  · There is a need to improve the basic infrastructure and management of resources. Modern technology and use of computers could also increase the efficiency of the Court system.  · Information counters should be set up in every Court for the conveyance of litigating public at National level.  · There should be some permanent vigilance provision to observe the working of the public prosecutor. Security system in Courts also needs improvement for confidence of people and fearless functioning of system.  · Our Criminal system also has an urgent need of independent investigative agency. Delay in Police investigation is also one reason due to which cases linger for years. It is too good to create an independent wing of police force, fully in charge of crime investigation and functioning under the direct control of independent prosecutor and that wing shoul d be accountable to Judiciary and not to particular government of the time. There should be uniform patterns for the appeals and petitions to make the procedure easy.  · The institution involved in justice delivery such as Police ,the Prosecution ,the Courts, prisons etc requires to be reformed in terms of organization, procedures amp; accountability so that no where the citizen feels uneasiness. Investigating officers under Criminal Procedure Code has too many powers and these powers need to be curtailed and monitored by the magistrate in charge so as to prevent corruption. Plea Bargaining- Meaning and Concept Plead Guilty and ensure Lesser Sentence† is the shortest possible meaning of Plea Bargaining. Plea Bargaining fostered by the Indian Legislature is actually the sperm child of the West. The concept has been very much alive in the American System in the 19th century itself. Plea Bargaining is so common in the American System that every minute a case is disposed in the American Criminal Court by way of guilty plea. England, Wales, Australia and Victoria also recognizes plea bargaining. Every time we turn on to an American Cinema, we come across this concept. Plea Bargaining can be defined as â€Å"Pre-Trial negotiations between the accused and the prosecution during which the accused agrees to plead guilty in exchange for certain concessions by the prosecution†. It gives criminal defendants the opportunity to avoid sitting through a trial risking and conviction on the original more serious charge. For example, a criminal defendant charged with a theft charge, the conviction of which would require imprisonment in state prison, may be offered the opportunity to plead guilty to a theft charge, which may not carry jail time. Plea Bargaining can be of three types:- . Charge Bargaining. 2. Sentence Bargaining. 3. Fact Bargaining. Charge Bargaining is a common and widely known form of plea. It involves a negotiation of the specific charges or crimes that the DEFENDANT will face at trial. Usually, in return for a plea of guilty to a lesser charge, a prosecutor will dismiss the higher or other charge(s). For example, in return for dismissi ng charges for first-degree murder, a prosecutor may accept a guilty plea for Manslaughter (subject to court approval). Sentence bargaining involves the agreement to a plea of guilty in return for a lighter sentence. It saves the prosecution the necessity of going through trial and proving its case. It provides the defendant with an opportunity for a lighter sentence. Fact Bargaining is the least used a prosecutor in which the Prosecutor agrees not to reveal any aggravating factual circumstances to the court because that would lead to a mandatory minimum sentence or to a more severe sentence under sentencing guidelines. The Supreme Court was very much against the concept of Plea Bargaining before its introduction. In State of Uttar Pradesh vs. Chandrika, the Supreme Court of India held that it is settled law that on the basis of Plea Bargaining court cannot dispose of the criminal cases. The court has to decide it on merit. If the accused confesses his guilt, even then appropriate sentence is required to be implemented. The court further held in the same case that, mere acceptance or admission of the guilt should not be a ground for reduction of sentence , nor can the accused bargain with the court that as he is pleading guilty his sentence should be reduced. Despite strict opposition by the Supreme Court, the Government found it comfortable to introduce this concept. Long list of pending cases before the Criminal courts was cited as the reason for the enactment of this provision. If a person accepts his guilt, then the time of the Prosecution is saved, which can be then properly utilized for proving more serious offences. Plea Bargaining is applicable only in respect of those offences for which punishment of imprisonment is upto period of 7 years. It does not apply where such offence affects the Socio-economic condition of the country or has been committed against women or committed against a child below the age of 14 years. The application for plea bargaining should be filed by the accused voluntarily before the court which is trying the offence. The complainant and the accused are then given time by the court to work out satisfactory disposition of the case. The court may reduce the sentence to 1/4th if the accused pleads guilty. There shall be no appeal in the case where judgment has been pronounced by the court on the basis of plea bargaining. Plea bargaining has emerged and gained acceptance in the legal community only in recent decades. The Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, 2003 which was introduced in the parliament attracted enormous public debate. Despite this huge hue and cry, the government found it acceptable and finally section 265-A TO 265-L have been added in the Code of Criminal Procedure so as to apply the plea bargaining. The Division bench of Gujarat High Court in State of Gujarat V. Natwar Harchanji Thakor observed that, the very object of law is to provide easy, cheap and expeditious justice by resolution of disputes, including the trial of criminal cases and considering the present realistic profile of the pendency and delay in disposal in the administration of law and justice, fundamental reforms are inevitable. There should not be anything static. It can thus be said that it is really a measure and redressal and it shall add a new dimension in the realm of judicial reforms. Plea Bargaining in India A new chapter, that is chapter XXIA on ‘Plea Bargaining’, has been introduced in the Criminal Procedure Code. It was introduced through the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2005, which was passed by the parliament in its winter session. This has certainly changed the face of the Indian Criminal Justice System. Some of the salient features of ‘Plea Bargaining’ are that it is applicable in respect of those offences for which punishment is up to a period of 7 years. Moreover it does not apply to cases where the offence committed is a socio-economic offence or where the offence is committed is committed against a woman or a child below the age of 14 years. Also once the court passes an order in the case of ‘Plea Bargaining’ no appeal shall lie to any court against that order. Now the question is will it work in Indian Judiciary? Do we need this? Are we equipped to deal with this new facet? This article makes an attempt to analyze the concept of ‘Plea Bargaining’, its necessity, its drawbacks and tries to find out the feasibility of this new idea. To reduce the delay in disposing criminal cases, the 154th Report of the Law Commission first recommended the introduction of ‘plea bargaining’ as an alternative method to deal with huge arrears of criminal cases. This recommendation of the Law Committee finally found a support in Malimath Committee Report. The NDA government had formed a committee, headed by the former Chief Justice of the Karnataka and Kerala High Courts, Justice V. S. Malimath to come up with some suggestions to tackle the ever-growing number of criminal cases. In its report, the Malimath Committee recommended that a system of plea bargaining be introduced in the Indian Criminal Justice System to facilitate the earlier disposal of criminal cases and to reduce the burden of the courts. To strengthen its case, the Malimath Committee also pointed out the success of plea bargaining system in USA. Accordingly, the draft Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, 2003 was introduced in the parliament. The statement of objects and reasons, inter alia, mentions that, The disposal of criminal trials in the courts takes considerable time and that in many cases trial do not commence for as long as 3 to 5 years after the accused was remitted to judicial custody.. though not recognized by the criminal jurisprudence, it is seen as an alternative method to deal with the huge arrears of criminal cases. The bill attracted enormous public debate. Critics said it is not recognized and against public policy under our criminal justice system. The Supreme Court has also time and again blasted the concept of plea bargaining saying that negotiation in criminal cases is not permissible. More recently in State of Uttar Pradesh V. Chandrika 2000 Cr. L. J. 384(386), The Apex Court held that It is settled law that on the basis of plea bargaining court cannot dispose of the criminal cases. The court has to decide it on merits. If the accused confesses its guilt, appropriate sentence is required to be implemented. The court further held in the same case that, Mere acceptance or admission of the guilt should not be a ground for reduction of sentence. Nor can the accused bargain with the court that as he is pleading guilty the sentence be reduced. Despite this huge hue and cry, the government found it acceptable and finally section 265-A TO 265-L have added in the Code of Criminal Procedure so as to provide for raising the plea bargaining in certain types of criminal cases. While commenting on this aspect, the division bench of the Gujarat High Court observed in State of Gujarat V. Natwar Harchanji Thakor (2005) Cr. L. J. 2957 that, The very object of law is to provide easy, cheap and expeditious justice by resolution of disputes, including the trial of criminal cases and considering the present realistic profile of the pendency and delay in disposal in the administration of law and justice, fundamental reforms are inevitable. There should not be anything static. It can thus be said that it is really a measure and redressal and it shall add a new dimension in the realm of judicial reforms. This article would be incomplete if it does not discuss the flaws that are hidden beneath the whole concept. No doubt, plea bargaining is nothing but a cover up the inadequacies of the government in dealing with each and every case that comes before it. It indirectly shows the incompetence of the traditional procedural laws. Some of the major drawbacks of the concept of plea bargaining as is recognized in India are as under A) Involving the police in plea bargaining process would invite coercion. B) By involving the court in plea bargaining process, the court’s impartiality is impugned. C) Involving the victim in plea bargaining process would invite corruption. D) If the plead guilty application of the accused in rejected then the accused would face great hardship to prove himself innocent. Therefore to ensure fair justice, plea bargaining must encompass the following minimum requirements: A) The hearing must take place in court B) The court must satisfy itself that the accused is pleading guilty knowingly and voluntarily. C) Any court order rejecting a plea bargaining application must be kept confidential to prevent prejudice to the accused. ‘Plea Bargaining’ can be defined as pre-trial negotiations between the accused and the prosecution during which the accused agrees to plead guilty in exchange for certain concessions by the prosecution. The Wikipedia Encyclopedia defines it as to make an agreement in which the defendants pleads guilty to a lesser charge and the prosecutors in return drops more serious charges. The object of ‘Plea Bargaining’ is to reduce the risk of undesirable orders for the either side. Another reason for the introducing the concept of ‘Plea Bargaining’ is the fact that most of the criminal courts are over burdened and hence unable to dispose off the cases on merits. Criminal trial can take day, weeks, months and sometimes years while guilty pleas can be arranged in minutes. In other words, a ‘Plea Bargaining’ is a deal offered by the prosecutor to induce the defendant to plead guilty. ‘Plea Bargaining’ can be of two types. Charge bargain n and sentence bargain. Charge bargain happens when the prosecution allows a defendant to plead guilty to a lesser charge or to only some of the charges framed against him. Prosecution generally has vast discretion in framing charges and therefore they have the option to charge the defendant with the highest charges that are applicable. ‘Charge Bargain’ gives the accused an opportunity to negotiate with the prosecution and reduce the number of charges that may have framed against him. As far as sentence bargain is concerned, it happens when an accused or defendant is told in advance what his sentence will be if he pleads guilty. A sentence bargain may allow the prosecutor to obtain a conviction in the most serious charge, while assuring the defendant of an acceptable sentence. Therefore we can safely say that ‘Plea Bargaining’ is nothing but a contract between the prosecution and the defendant or accused and both the parties are bound by this contract. For most defendants the principal benefit of plea-bargaining is receiving a lighter sentence than what might result from taking the case to trial and losing. Another benefit which the defendant gets is that they can save a huge amount of money which they might otherwise spend on advocates. It always takes more time and effort to bring a case to trial than to negotiate and handle a plea- bargain. Incentives for accepting plea-bargaining, as far as judges and prosecutors are concerned are obvious. Over crowded courts do not allow the judges to try every case that comes before them. It also reduces the caseloads of the prosecutors. Features Of Plea Bargaining Advantages of Plea Bargaining Significant feature of method of Plea Bargaining is that it helps the Court and State to manage the case loads. It reduces the work load of the prosecutors enabling them to prepare for gravest case by leaving the effortless and petty offences to settle through plea bargaining. It is also a factor in reforming the offender by accepting the responsibility for their actions and by submitting them voluntarily before law, without having an expensive and time consuming trial. In case wherein the prosecution is weak, if trial is concluded, for want of proper witnesses or evidences and the ultimate result may be an acquittal, the prosecution will have a chance to find the accused as guilty, by co-operating with the accused for a plea bargaining. An intelligent prosecutor may agree for a plea bargaining of an insignificant accused to collect evidence against other graver accused. Normally, in cases wherein aged or women witnesses have the vital role to prove a charge against the accused, their death or non co-operation , may be a real cause for adverse conclusion of the case. Here the prosecution avoids a chance of acquittal and the accused avoids a chance of conviction for more serious charges with higher punishments. From the angle of victim also, plea bargaining is a better substitute for his ultimate relief, as he can avoid a lengthy court process to see the accused, be convicted. The system gives a greater relief to a large number of under trials lodged in various jails of the country and helps reduce the long pendency in the court. There are some other supporting factors of plea bargaining which fall into three main categories. First, some jurist maintains that it is appropriate as a matter of sentencing policy to reward defendants who acknowledge their guilt. They advance several arguments in support of this position, notably, that a bargained guilty plea may manifest an acceptance of responsibility or a willingness to enter the correctional system in a frame of mind that may afford hope for rehabilitation over a short period of time than otherwise would be necessary. A second view treats plea bargaining, not primarily as a sentencing device, but as a form of dispute resolution. Some plea bargaining advocates maintain that it is desirable to afford the accused and the state of opinion of compromising factual and legal disputes. They observe that if a plea agreement did not improve the positions of both the accused and the state, one party or other would insist upon a trial. Finally, some observers supports plea bargaining on grounds of economy or necessity. Viewing plea negotiation less as a sentencing device or a form of dispute resolution than as an administrative practice, they argue that society cannot afford to provide trials to all the accused who would demand them if guilty pleas were unrewarded. At least, there are more appropriate uses for the additional resources that an effective plea bargaining could save. Disadvantages of Plea Bargaining Plea Bargaining is problematic for at least some reasons. First, the prosecution has the power to present accused with unconscionable pressure. Though, procedure pleas as voluntary, there are every chances of being practically coerced. The prosecution has the incentive to maximize the benefit of pleading guilty in the weakest cases. The more likely an acquittal at trial, the more attractive a guilty plea is to the prosecution. But in a borderline case that does go forward, the prosecution may vary well threaten the most serious consequences to those accused who may very well be innocent. The defense lawyers who represent accused do not have the resources to independently investigate every case. Plea Bargaining undercuts the requirement of proof beyond reasonable doubt and that plea negotiation is substantially more likely than trial to result in the conviction of innocent. Plea Bargaining result in unjust sentencing. This practice turns the accused’s fate on a single tactical decision which they say is irrelevant to desert, deterrence, or any other proper objective of criminal proceedings. Some critics maintain that plea bargaining results in unwarranted leniency for offenders and that it promotes a cynical view of the legal process. Defense lawyer, trial judge and prosecutor are the fundamental elements in the working of plea bargaining. Prosecutors plainly are influenced by the equities of individual cases, the seriousness of the accused’s alleged crime, their prior criminal record, and so on. At times, prosecutors are influenced as well by their personal views of the law without a roving enquiry. Through plea bargaining, a prosecutor can avoid much of the hard work of preparing cases for trial and for trying them. In addition, prosecutors can use plea bargaining to create seemingly impressive conviction rates. The personal bias with the defense lawyers also may influence plea bargaining practices. So, there may be desires for professional advancement either within the prosecutor’s office or after leaving it. Although most prosecutors probably do not deliberately sacrifice the public interest to their personal goals, the bargaining process may be influenced by conflict of interests, and prosecutors may rationalize decisions that serve primarily their own interest. Private defense lawyers commonly are paid in advance, and their fees do not vary with the pleas their clients enter. Once a lawyer has pocketed the fee, his personal interest lie in disposing of a client’s case as rapidly as possible, that is, by entering a plea of â€Å"cop out lawyers† who pleads virtually all of their clients guilty sometimes represent large number of accused for relatively low fees. Some of these lawyers have been known to deceive their clients in the effort to induce them to plead guilty. The relatively small amount of remuneration that he is likely to receive for representing an indigent accused may seem inadequate compensation for a trial, but this amount may seem adequate as a fee for negotiating a plea of guilty. Conclusion The crime loses its gravity with the increase in the gap between the incidence of crime and the punishment of the offender. Plea Bargaining has, thus, been introduced in the realm of the criminal jurisprudence of India owing to the result of the prolonged trials and the umpteen cases that pile up over the years. Plea bargaining as a recognized and practiced concept has come a long way from its inception. Plea Bargaining in India has moved from being pronounced illegal, unconstitutional and immoral to a great messiah for the criminal justice system and a welcome and inevitable change. Plea Bargaining is indeed a welcome change, but only as long as one considers the chief aim of the criminal justices system to be swift and inexpensive resolution of cases. However, if one were to agree that the chief aim of criminal justice system is to rehabilitate criminals into society, by making them undergo specified sentences in prison, then plea bargaining looses most of its charm. Additionally, the justifications for plea bargaining do not consist solely of the need for an efficient administration of justice. Problems associated with plea bargaining may exist as a result of flaws in the assumptions of the different justifications. Instead of calling for a omplete abolition of plea bargaining, critics should accept plea bargaining as a natural, although not necessarily inevitable, component of our adversary system. To Conclude, plea bargaining is undoubtedly, a disputed concept. Few people have welcomed it while others have abandoned it. It is true that plea bargaining speeds up caseload disposition, but it does that in an unconstitutional manner. But perhaps we have no other choice but to adopt this technique. The criminal courts are too over b urdened to allow each and every case to go on trial. Only time will tell if the introduction of this new concept is justified or not.